and went below tree top level just skimming along on the ground. "[86] Hussein was able to survive through four turbulent decades of the Arab-Israel conflict and the Cold War, successfully balancing pressures from Arab nationalists, Soviet Union, Western countries and Israel. Jordan's former crown prince Hamzah bin Hussein, the half-brother of the country's ruler King Abdullah II, claims he has been placed in isolation and his communication cut off, in a video . A few months into the experiment, he forced that government to resign, declaring martial law and banning political parties. [29] The assault inflicted heavy Arab casualties. [50], On 11 April 1987, after Yitzhak Shamir became prime minister of Israel, Hussein engaged in direct talks with Shamir's foreign minister, Peres, in London. [35], On 22 November 1967 the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved resolution 242, which became one of Jordan's foreign policy cornerstones. [55] Hussein relented to the demands by dismissing Al-Rifai, and appointed Zaid ibn Shaker to form a new government. [52] It called for Jordan rather than the PLO to represent the Palestinians; however, when Schultz contacted Hussein about the plan, he reversed his position and told him it was a matter for the PLO to decide. [45] On 13 October Jordan joined the war and sent the 40thbrigade to assist the Syrians in the Golan Heights. [88] In 1960 only 33% of Jordanians were literate; by 1996 this number had climbed to 85.5%. [29] Yitzhak Rabin, the then Israel Defense Forces chief of staff, later admitted the disproportionate reaction by Israel, and that the operation would have been better directed at Syria, which was supporting such attacks: "We had neither political nor military reasons to arrive at a confrontation with Jordan or to humiliate Hussein."[29]. If there are any worries it is Jordan that should be worried. It is the courage to meet the adversary, his attitudes and arguments, the courage to face hardships, the courage to bury senseless illusions, the courage to surmount impeding obstacles, the courage to engage in a dialogue to tear down the walls of fear and suspicion. He became the second Arab Head of State to recognize Israel in 1994 and years later he was invited to give a speech during the funeral of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin . [44] Worried that Jordan would be dragged into another war unprepared, Hussein sent Zaid Al-Rifai to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in December 1972 to inquire. [13] The parliamentary election held on 21 October 1956 saw the National Socialist Party emerge as the largest party, winning 12 seats out of 40 in the House of Representatives. [22] The Iraqis sent a brigade to Jordan on 13 July at Hussein's request. The King renounced Jordan's ties to the West Bank in 1988 after the Palestine Liberation Organization was recognized internationally as the sole representative of the Palestinians. Brockhaus Enzyklopdie. "[49] Sharon boasted: "One speech by me will make King Hussein realize that the time has come to pack his bags. Haalah bint Al Hashim, Omar Mirza, Hussein Haidara bin Hashim . [77] Hassan gracefully accepted the King's decision on television, and congratulated his nephew Abdullah on his designation as crown prince. Also known as "The Butcher of Baghdad," his long reign was vicious and barbaric. [26] The first direct contacts between Jordan and Israel started in early 1960s; Hussein had a Jewish doctor named Emmanuel Herbert who acted as intermediary between the two nations during Hussein's visits to London. However, Nabulsi then presented an expanded list, which Hussein refused to act upon. [77] On 24 January 1999, Hussein replaced Hassan with his son Abdullah as heir apparent. [67] Two Mossad agents followed Mashal to his office and injected poison into his ears, but they were caught by Mashal's bodyguard. [20] Jordanian and Syrian forces clashed in March along the border. subject named as. [44] Hussein refused Sadat's request to allow the fedayeen's return to Jordan but agreed that in case of a military operation, Jordanian troops would play a limited defensive role in assisting the Syrians in the Golan Heights. [65] A month later, the CIA sent Hussein another report warning Jordan of Iraqi plots to attack Western targets in Jordan to undermine Jordan's security due to its support for the Iraqi opposition. [2], From an affair with the American Jewish actress Susan Cabot Hussein had an alleged illegitimate son, Timothy. However, there isn`t one iota of doubt that the Prophet`s Household, Imam Al-Hassan, and Imam Al-Hussein are the most esteemed amongst the Sahaba of the . He's second lieutenant in the Jordanian Armed Forces. [25] Egyptian radios denounced Hussein as the "Judas of the Arabs. His biography is available in 61 different languages on Wikipedia (down from 62 in 2019). King Hussein of Jordan has died after 46 years on the Hashemite throne. [63] Along with solving the Palestinian problem, Jordan sought to safeguard its interests in relation to security, the economy, water, and the environment. [50] In return, Saddam provided incentives for Jordanian exports to Iraq, which accounted for a quarter of all Jordan's exports, valued at $212.3million in 1989. . Hussein was married four separate times and fathered eleven children including King Abdullah II of Jordan. [6], Abdullah's eldest son, Talal, was proclaimed King of Jordan. [98] The cover of the paperback version of Queen Noor's book Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life features a photo of the King and Queen riding a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. [63] At home, the Muslim Brotherhood considered Al-Masri and his government as too liberal, and the Brotherhood merged with independent Islamists and formed the Islamic Action Front (IAF), increasing its representation to 34 in the 80-member House of Representative, a force strong enough to bring down the royally appointed government with a motion of a vote of no confidence. [63] Thus, the PLO and Israeli representatives were quick to reach an agreement, which culminated in the 1993 Oslo Accords. [63] He called on extremists on both the right and left of the political spectrum to end their opposition to the peace negotiations, denounced what he saw as the Gulf countries' undemocratic nature, and called on Saddam to introduce democracy to Iraq. King is also best known as, Jordans ruler from 1953 to 1999 who is credited with modernizing his country. [25] With a calmed situation in Jordan, the King issued his slogan "Let us build this country to serve this nation. King Hussein of Jordan ascended the throne in 1953, at the age of seventeen. If we look at even a flu epidemic, it affected both of us. He is a celebrity world leader. [55], A UN-brokered ceasefire became active in July 1988, ending the Iran-Iraq war. Biography. [63], Hussein could not participate in the details of the talks, a task he handed to his brother Hassan. (YouTube screenshot). Jordan's ruler from 1953 to 1999 who is credited with modernizing his . [88] Whereas in 1950 water, sanitation, and electricity were available to only 10% of Jordanians, at the end of his rule these had reached 99% of the population. BIOGRAPHY Born in Amman on June 28, 1994, His Royal Highness the Crown Prince was named in honor of his grandfather; His Late Majesty King Hussein bin Talal, the founder of modern Jordan. [26], Hussein later stated that during one of his meetings with Israeli representatives: "I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid, and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one. [49] Two major Israeli incursions into Lebanon occurred in 1978, and the other in 1982, the latter conflict troubled Hussein as the IDF had laid siege to Beirut. The country had few natural resources, and a large Palestinian refugee population as a result of the 1948 ArabIsraeli War. Hussein I of Jordan. [55] Protesters accused Zaid Al-Rifai's government of rampant corruption and demanded that the martial law in place since 1957 be lifted and parliamentary elections be resumed. [2] He was enthroned on 2 May 1953, the same day that his cousin Faisal II assumed his constitutional powers as king of Iraq. [11] Meanwhile, Hussein pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. [10] Upon assuming the throne, he appointed Fawzi Mulki as prime minister. [97], Hussein was a trained pilot, flying both airplanes and helicopters as a hobby. Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: , Al-usayn ibn all; 14 November 1935 - 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death in 1999. [87], In 1977, Bob Woodward of The Washington Post reported that King Hussein received funds from the CIA for 20 years. [10] Mulki's liberal policies, including freedom of the press, led to unrest as opposition groups started a propaganda campaign against the monarchy. [34] The Jordanians had prepared a war strategy, but the Egyptian commander insisted to build his strategy based on the misleading information from Egypt. [37] The Black September Organization was founded the same year, named after the conflict. He acted as a conciliatory intermediate between various Middle Eastern rivals, and came to be seen as the region's peacemaker. [65] Efraim Halevy, then head of the Israeli intelligence agency (Mossad), claims that Hussein had preferred Netanyahu over Peres as he had deeply mistrusted the latter. [56] On 16 April 1989 the government increased prices of gasoline, licensing fees, alcoholic beverages, and cigarettes, between 15% to 50%, in a bid to increase revenues in accordance with an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). [8], The young prince started his elementary education in Amman. A date between the late Jordanian King Hussein and a Jewish B-movie actress . [81], The UN General Assembly held an Emergency Special Session in "Tribute to the Memory of His Majesty the King of Jordan" on the same day. [72], In October 1998 Bill Clinton invited Hussein, during his stay at the clinic for chemotherapy treatment, to attend the Wye Plantation talks after a stalemate was reached between the Israeli and Palestinian delegations. [25] He prepared three brigades in the north, but the operation was called off after combined pressures from the Americans and the British. [63] The end of the Gulf War coincided with the end of the Cold War. At the time of his passing, he was the longest serving executive head of state in the world. [61] But Western pundits viewed Hussein's actions as impulsive and emotional, claiming that he could have dampened Jordanian public support for Iraq through better leadership. Every aspect of life was interrelated and interlinked in some way or another. [63] The peace conference convened on 30 October 1991, with delegations representing all parties to the conflict, the United States and the Soviet Union as co-sponsors, and the United Nations as observer. [10] Nasserism (a socialist Pan-Arabist ideology) swept the Arab World in the 1950s, and the proposal to join the pact triggered large riots in the country. "[85], Hussein's policy of co-opting the opposition was his most revered. He lifted martial law and reintroduced elections in 1989 when riots over price hikes spread in southern Jordan. [88], Hussein established the Al-Amal medical center in 1997, a clinic specializing in cancer treatment in Jordan. Twenty minutes later, another explosion went off;[25] it was intended for Hussein as it was expected he would run to the scene, which he did he was a few minutes late. Bowen 2003, p.26 (citing Amman Cables 1456, 1457, 11 December 1966, National Security Files (Country File: Middle East), LBJ Library (Austin, Texas), Box 146). In the image, the Prince appears very tall,. [37] One Israeli retaliation on a PLO camp based in Karameh, a Jordanian town along the border with the West Bank, developed into a full-scale battle. [45] The relationship between Jordan and the United States deteriorated when Jordan refused to join the Camp David Accords. [72] Samih Batikhi, the director of the General Intelligence Directorate (mukhabarat), visited Hussein during his stay at the Mayo Clinic to keep him updated. [85] He was the region's longest reigning leader, even though he was subject to dozens of assassination attempts and plots to overthrow him. [40] The perceived joint Jordanian-Palestinian victory in the 1968 Battle of Karameh led to an upsurge of support in the Arab World for Palestinian fighters in Jordan. [13] At 27 years old, Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan height not available right now. [67] In 1998 Jordan refused a secret request from Netanyahu to attack Iraq using Jordanian airspace after claiming Saddam held weapons of mass destruction. [9] On 20 July 1951, 15-year-old Prince Hussein travelled to Jerusalem to perform Friday prayers at the Masjid Al-Aqsa with his grandfather. [67] On 9 March 1997 Hussein sent Netanyahu a three-page letter expressing his disappointment. [37] An agreement brokered by Egyptian President Nasser between Arafat and Hussein led to an end to the fighting on 27 September. [85] After the war he emerged as an advocate for Palestinian statehood. He inherited a country that was riven with instability, the entire Middle East was in disarray following the 1948 war and the creation of Israel. Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein is the 41st direct descendent of Prophet Muhammad and the present king of Jordan. Hussein, currently a second lieutenant in the Jordanian Armed Forces, started his education in Jordan and in 2016 he graduated from Georgetown University with a degree in international history. [20] It also emerged in Jordan that the UAR was planning to overthrow both Hashemite monarchies in July 1958. [75] Doctors advised him to rest and stay in England for a few weeks, as he was still too fragile to travel. [61] The effects of the Gulf War, the sanctions on Iraq, and the flow of refugees to Jordan were estimated by a UN report to be $1.5billion out of a gross domestic product (GDP) of $4.2billion in 1990, and $3.6billion out of a GDP of $4.7billion in 1991. [37] PLO actions in Jordan culminated in the Dawson's Field hijackings incident on 10 September 1970, in which the fedayeen hijacked three civilian aircraft and forced their landing in Zarqa, taking foreign nationals as hostages, and later bombing the planes in front of the international press. [55] The Jordanian dinar lost a third of its value in 1988, and Jordan's foreign debt reached a figure double that of its gross national product (GNP). [85] Hussein inherited the throne to a young Kingdom, whose neighbors questioned its legitimacy, along with the Jordanian-controlled West Bank. [73] Encouraged by his presence, the two leaders agreed to resolve their difficulties. [85] Two years later, the 17-year-old schoolboy would become King. King Hussein during his address to the Jordanian Parliament in Amman on 12 October 1991[62], Jordan participated in the imposition of economic sanctions against Iraq even though the sanctions would severely affect its economy.
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