[20] The seeds are dispersed by wind and water. The tepals may also become bleached or necrotic, resembling symptoms caused by TNV. (1st ed. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type. Calochortus macrocarpus. Almost 10 million tons of garlic are produced each year with China, Korea, India,USA, Spain, Egypt, and Turkey being the worlds largest producers (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. (2009) have reported the antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli as well as the inhibitory effects of the ethanol extract against C. neoformans. Further species were collected from Persia and the spreading Ottoman Empire saw to it that tulip culture also spread. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. We concentrate on virus diseases of the genera Tulipa and Lilium, as they represent large genera with economically very important ornamentals. This gives brassicas their peppery taste. Flowers are zygomorphic in some genera (Lilium, Hemerocallis). The roots are typically contractile. Lily family (after Lilium, a name used in Virgil's writings). The largest genera are Gagea (200), Fritillaria (130), Lilium (110), and Tulipa (75 species), all within the tribe Lilieae. TBV affects color breaking of flowers particularly in late-flowering pink, purple, and red cultivars, while white- and yellow-flowered cultivars are not affected. It has been used as a medicinal agent for thousands of years. A. cepa L. (Liliaceae), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium, and probably originates from Central Asia (Messiaen and Rouamba,2004). 600 species. Medeola virginiana, Indian cucumber-root. "Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales). Photographed along the northern California coast. It is commonly called Lily family. Notable among the other families are the Alstroe-meriaceae (Figure 7.29AD), Alstroemeria being a commonly cultivated ornamental, having interesting resupinate leaves; Colchicaceae (Figure 7.29E), containing Colchicum autumnale, autumn-crocus, source of colchicine used medicinally (e.g., formerly to treat gout) and in plant breeding (inducing chromosome doubling); Melanthiaceae (Figure 7.29GI); Philesiaceae (Figure 7.29F); and Smilacaceae (Figure 7.29J), including Smilax, the green-briers, species of which are of economic importance as the source of sarsa-parilla. Tiger Lily. Partition walls are present, forming an equal number of chambers. Montana. Tepals 6, in 2 whorls of 3 each, gamophyllous, united at the base, white, inferior. Allicin was found to possess insulin potentiating effects (Mathew and Augusti,1973). Herreria. There are more Lily Family pictures at PlantSystematics.org. Mulethi is a medicinal plant of Fabaceae and it is a dicot family. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to share notes in Biology. Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Solanaceae. In fact, ajoene attenuated the high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, occasionally an end-result of prolonged MetS (Han etal.,2011; Panickar,2013). Habitat They are monocotyledonous plants. It causes chlorotic or necrotic streaks in leaves and streaks of intensified color mainly at the margins of tepals. LMoV is a potyvirus and was formerly thought to be a strain of TBV, but serological, host range, and molecular investigations have set it apart from TBV as an own species. 1997 - 2021 Thomas J. Elpel. (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments. The Persian word for tulips, lleh (), was borrowed into Turkish and Arabic as lale. [74] Most Fritillaria (e.g. Note: The plants which belong to the family Liliaceae have not only ornamental value but also have many commercial values like some plants like Allium cepa used as food, many plants like Aloe sp. Other natural hosts are tulip and Alstroemeria. A berry (Asparagus, Smilax), capsule (Asphodelus). F,G. [69][70], While members of the Liliaceae s.s. have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are poisonous to household pets (bulb toxicosis) if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as kidney failure in cats from Lilies, particularly Lilium longiflorum (Easter Lily). Common [6][38][39][40] Liliaceae fossils have been dated to the Paleogene[41] and Cretaceous[42] eras in the Antarctic. That means the seed possesses only a single cotyledon. The closest sister family to the Liliaceae are the Smilacaceae with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago. Smilax, Aloe, Gloriosa, Veratrum, Colchicum, Scilla and Urginea yield useful drugs. Plants may become stunted and flowers sometimes deformed. Mostly herbs (Asphodelus), perennating by rhizome (Aloe), bulb (Lilium, Tulipa, Allium), tree (Dracena), climber (Asparagus, Smilax), xerophytic plants like Yucca, Aloe; cladodes in Asparagus and Ruscus. Shrubby xerophytic plant, wild on rocks with dull red flowers. Alternative Title: lily family. Liliaceae, the lily family of the flowering plant order Liliales, with 16 genera and 635 species of herbs and shrubs, native primarily to temperate and subtropical regions. Members of the family usually have six-segmented flowers and three-chambered capsular fruits; occasionally the fruits are berries. Please e-mail Thomas J. Elpel to report mistakes or to inquire about purchasing high resolution photos of these plants. Both Lilium and Tulipa are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the family Potyviridae, specifically the potyvirus (named for potato virus Y) group, which includes the tulip-breaking virus (TBV) and the lily streak virus (lily mottle virus, LMoV) resulting in 'breaking' of the color of the flowers. He has included Allium, Agapanthus in the family Amaryllidaceae of his order Amaryllidales; Yucca, Dracaena, Sanseuiera, Phormium in the family Agavaceae of his order Agavales; Xanthorrhoea in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae of his order Agavales. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. Ca. Lambs may also be born with tracheal stenosis. See Rudall et al. [7] (See also Evolution). Spiritual uses have been assigned to garlic; in fact, it was reported that garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes to ward off vampires. What are the characters Mendel selected for his experiments on pea plant? Later the same compound was obtained from A. senescens and A. anisopodium [182] and detected by TLC in seven (A. victorialis, A. altaicum, A. anisopodium, A. senescens, A. stelleranum, A. ramosum syn. The type genus, Lily (Lilium), has a long history in literature and art, and a tradition of symbolism as well as becoming a popular female name, and a floral emblem, particularly of France (fleur-de-lis). [66], Bulb offsets and tissue culture produce genetic clones of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the cultivars. Stamens 6, polyandrous, in two whorls of 3 each, epiphyllous, filament narrow, dilated at the base, anthers dithecous, dorsifixed. It has also been associated with the head of a spear. it was during this period that the tulipiere, a ceramic vase for growing tulips indoors was devised, and the Golden Age of Dutch Painting was replete with images of tulips. Elaine M Aldred BSc (Hons), DC, Lic Ac, Dip Herb Med, Dip CHM, Kenneth Vall, in Pharmacology, 2009. [31][32] In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms, the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. Thomas J. Elpel's Web World Pages Cardiocrinum). Medicinal plant Allium sativum = A Review. [58][89], Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of Persia, having been cultivated from the Steppes. The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. WebThe Lily Family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. LILIALES. Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach. I. Fritillaria biflora, chocolate lily, flower. Asparagus africanus L. (Liliaceae) known as Saritti (Ethiopia), aluki, kadankabe (Western Nigeria), and sasarin-kura (Northern Nigeria) are among the many plants with traditionally claimed antifertility properties in Ethiopia. It is also close to Juncaceae as in both the seeds have albumen but differs from Juncaceae in petaloid perianth. In India it is represented by 169 species. Lilium lancifolium. The color variation is caused by local fading, intensification, or accumulation of pigments in the upper epidermal layer after development of the normal flower color. Asphodelus tenuifolius (H. Paiz) (Fig. Allium cepa ( Chapter 14) and Allium FIGURE 7.29. Queen's Cup. Stamens 6 or 3 (Ruscus), 8 in Paris; polyandrous, epiphyllous, antiphyllous, filaments long, anthers versatile or basifixed, dithecous, introrse or extrorse. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. The style is solitary; stigmas are 3, tri-lobed or with 3 crests. Since alline has never been synthesized, reisolation and study of the structure, reactions and activity is warranted. [58][92] Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,[93][94] similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. Herbs rarely shrubs, stem underground rhizome, corm or bulb; leaves alternate, flowers actinomorphic, trimerous, hypogynous, perianth 6 in two whorls of 3 each, free or fused; stamen 3+3, epiphyllous, antiphyllous; gynoecium tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, axile placentation, two to many ovules per loculus; fruit capsule or berry; seed endospermic. What do you mean by permeability of membrane? Allium cepa (Chapter14) and Allium sativum (Chapter15) belong to this family. The antifertility activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were 40% (for leaves), 60% (for roots), and 20% (for leaves), 40% (for roots), respectively. [86] Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society,[87] or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998).[6]. comprise medicinal value. Dahlgren (1985) suggested there were in fact forty not one families distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales). Sagebrush Sego lily. (2014) also showed that the methanol extract of the plant was selectively active against Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as E. coli AG102 and AG100ATet, E. aerogenes EA289 and EA294, K. pneumoniae K24, and E. cloacae BM67 with MIC values ranging from 512 to 1024g/mL. [51][52] In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. [62] Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as Watsonia (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus Lilium, or the family Liliaceae. Many species of Lilieae (in genera Tulipa, Fritillaria, Lilium, and Erythronium) and Calochortoideae (Calochortus and Tricyrtis) are grown as ornamental plants worldwide. Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. Cultivated in winter for bulbs. Alline, 3a-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b] indole (69), was isolated from Allium odorum [181]. Asia to China. Most of their genera, Lilium in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. WebYpsilandra thibetica belongs to the family Liliaceae. Montana. Both Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae similis flos are important components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with precious medicinal value. There are 6 stamens, but some species lack anthers on some of the stamens. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in the seventeenth century, and became an important trading item, initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands. Dracaena, Aloe. Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the Amaryllidaceae, making this one of the largest monocotyledon families. Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women" or the Gospel of Mathew (6, 28) "Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin" to represent beauty. Draw a neatly labeled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis? Tubers with climbing stem, inflorescence small flowered racemes, e.g. The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing tropane alkaloids. They are an essential ingredient in many African sauces and relishes (Messiaen and Rouamba,2004). Lilium. Thiacremonone, given to db/db mice, significantly reduced body weight and decreased blood triglyceride and glucose levels when compared with controls (Ban etal.,2012). From the acrid resin of Xanthorrhoea sealing wax is prepared. Calochortus bulbs were eaten by Native Americans and by the Mormon settlers in Utah during starvation. Vegetables like onion, garlic, asparagus also belong to the Liliaceae family. Per Halfdan Nielsen, in Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, 1999. Robert W. Coppock, Margitta M. Dziwenka, in Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 2011. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). Only the, Rudall et al. In Arabic letters, lale is written with the same letters as Allah, and is used to denote God symbolically. Essential oil from onion contains a heart stimulant, increasing pulse volume and frequency of systolic pressure and coronary flow. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The redefined Lily family has been reduced to about 16 genera and 640 species. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. Of these, 53% are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. Garlic constituents with beneficial effects in reducing risk factors associated with MetS have been identified. Fritillaria imperialis, Fritillaria meleagris) bulbs contain poisonous neurotoxic alkaloids such as imperialin (peiminine),[75][76][77] which may be deadly if ingested in quantity, while other species such as Fritillaria camschatcensis and Fritillaria affinis are edible. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) made rapid progress in establishing a modern monophyletic classification of the flowering plants by 2009. Smith's Fairybells. HOPS Press, LLC | Dirt Cheap Builder Books author (s) Dr. Md Khorshed Alam, Dr. Md Obydul Hoq and Dr. Md Shahab Uddin. INTERIOR PLANTS Plant FamiliesLamiaceae to Liliaceae. The Netherland produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the European Union. Sego Lily. Calochortus nuttallii. Breaking symptoms have been described as bars, stripes, streaks, featherings, or flames of different colors on petals (Figure 58). All the extracts have resulted in significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of implants when compared with their respective controls. In this study, the Alline is optically active ([]D+136.3 in CHCl3) but the absolute configuration seems to be undetermined. Deformities of the limbs can occur in lambs if the ewes are exposed on gestation days 28 to 32. They also form a significant part of the cut flower market, in particular Tulipa and Lilium. WebA suitable plant regeneration protocol has been developed from scale leaf and bulb scale explants of Scillahyacinthine, a medicinally important plant species belonging to the family liliaceae.The maximum number of shoots (13.2), with average length 6.5 cm, was achieved with medium containing 1.5 mg/l TDZ. 6, in two words of three each, polyphyllous (Lilium, Tulipa) or gamophyllous (Aloe, Asparagus) and of various shapes; petaloid or sepaloid; imbricate in bud, usually valvate aestivation, perianth may be scarious or membranous. Intensive streaking of lily flower caused by co-infection of LMoV and LSV. Today there are a number of places in Turkey called Laleli (with tulips). Associated with decreased risk of cancer. Liliaceae s.s.. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Tamokou, V. Kuete, in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017. Various authorities (e.g. Broken down in cooking and food preparation in the gut to produce isothiocyanates and other products. Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the royal palaces, and was adopted by the Osmans as their symbol. The Liliaceae family was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. A. cepa is cultivated by about 170 countries for domestic use and about 8% of the global production is traded internationally. Liliaceae, Lily family. Tulip virus X (TVX) has been reported in tulips from Great Britain and from Japan. 107.1): Compressed, herbaceous, without nodes and internodes, smooth, greenish brown, aerial, peduncles are erect and fistular. Anthers are peltately attached to the filament or pseudobasifixed (the filament tip surrounded by but not adnate to connective tissue), and longitudinally dehiscent. "MONOCOTS V: 5th International Conference on Comparative Biology of Monocotyledons. 3. Liliaceae is regarded as a typical monocot family and represents the basic monocot stock from which many families have arisen. Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and the flowers are insect pollinated. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Species of Veratrum contain the alkaloids jervine, cyclopamine (11-deoxojervine) and cycloposine (3-glucosyl-11-deoxojervine), and these compounds are known to be teratogenic (Keeler, 1984). The relative stereochemistry is revealed from the X-ray structure as cis-annelation of the pyrrolidine rings. By 1845, John Lindley, the first English systematist, unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. In Africa, garlic is used as an antibiotic, and it has a reputation for lowering bloodpressure and cholesterol, and inhibiting thrombus formation (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Bomarea sp. Clintonia uniflora. Distribution of Liliaceae 3. Give an example. Privacy Policy3. ), Sinapis spp. First described in 1789, the lily family became a paraphyletic "catch-all" (wastebasket) group of lilioid monocots that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. Jervine has been identified in species of Zigadenus giving this species teratogenic potential (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). WebLiliaceae comprises 50 genera and approximately 600 species of flowering plants with many of them been used as spices and vegetables. [21] Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae (Lilium, Fritillaria, Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum, Notholirion) from the Himalayas about 12mya and the Tulipeae (Erythronium, Tulipa, Gagea) from East Asia at about the same time. Taxonomically, Liliaceae are assigned to the order Liliiflorae of the monocotyledonous plants. Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. Onion consumption lowers blood sugar, lipids, and cholesterol. E. Ovary cross-section, showing three carpels and locules. The name "Liliaceae" (English: /lliesi, -sia, -sie, -sii/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Lilium, the type genus, + -aceae,[47] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. (2000) and Fay et al. Can cockroaches be fused together with their Brain Juice? LVX is a potexvirus, which normally does not lead to pronounced symptoms in most cultivars, but enhances symptoms of LSV. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and the roots showed an anti-implantation activity of 70% and 77%, respectively, while the ethanol extracts of the leaves and roots showed 48% and 61%, respectively. Research is now being done to examine these glycosides more carefully. Rat poison is obtained from Urginea and the bulbs of Scilla. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. 1999, 2nd 2002) (3 ed.). The structure was established by an X-ray crystallographic investigation. J. Engelmann, J. Hamacher, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. Rhizome with radical leaves, inflorescence a spike, e.g. 3. [83] During World War II, starvation conditions in the Netherlands (Hongerwinter, hunger winter 1944) led to using Tulipa bulbs as food. One of these varieties is known as 'Rembrandt', after the Dutch artist of that name. Three viruses are common in lilies, these are lily mottle virus (LMoV), lily virus X (LVX), and lily symptomless virus (LVS). Sepals and petals usually identical. The most newly defined families and subfamilies presumeably follow genetic lines and should be reasonably stable in the future. WebThe List of Liliaceae genera has been much reduced by modern molecular phylogenetic based taxonomy.The current taxonomy of Liliaceae treats the family Liliaceae as having The inflorescence is a terminal raceme, of a solitary flower, or rarely an umbel. Climber with tips of leaves turned into tendrils. It gives Colchicine. This chapter introduces 69 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Aletris laxiflora, Aletris pauciflora var. Ashwagandha and Atropa belladonna are medicinal plants of Solanaceae which is a dicot family. Infected plants do not necessarily show symptoms, since the virus may be confined to the roots. Smilax. Web World Portal | Web World Tunnel Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge Allium Other viruses of tulips are nepoviruses: ArMV, TBRV, TRSV; a cucumovirus: CMV; several potyviruses: LMoV, ReTBV, TCBV, TulMV; a carlavirus: LSV; a tombusvirus: TBSV; and a tobamovirus: TMV (see Table 1). Fibrous adventitious, sometimes tuberous (Asparagus). Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Garlic grows in temperate and tropical regions all over the world, and many cultivars have been developed to suit different climates (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). F. Philesiaceae, Geitonoplesium sp. Quite a few members of the Liliaceae have been used for food but one must be aware of potential DEADLY LOOK ALIKES The following table shows information from the incredible resource Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America by Francois Couplan (1998). The centre of diversity is from southwest Asia to China. However, most of the West African countries as well as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia are also producers (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). The stamens are 3+3, whorled, diplostemonous, distinct and free. Erythronium americanum, trout lily. Alternate, opposite or whorled, radical and cauline, exstipulate, sessile or petiolate, sheathing leaf base; shape is variable scale-like (Asparagus), thick succulent and mucilaginous in Aloe, broad in Phormium tenax. [85] However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the genus Lilium. Liliaceae thus arose during the late (Maastrichtian) Cretaceous to early (Paleocene) Paleogene periods. Tankeo etal. Western false hellebore (Veratrum californicum) fed to ewes on gestation days 10 to 15 caused cyclopian-type teratological effects (Binns et al., 1962, 1964; Shupe and James, 1983). Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [26][27] Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,[78][79][80] which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of Fritillaria. The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae)[7] flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots. Key words: Diseases and disorders, They are generally used in outdoor gardens and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the winter months. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2. Its whole plant has the medicinal functions of heat-clearing and detoxifying, relieving congestion and other effects, and is On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Other effects of garlic or extracts include reducing blood pressure and total cholesterol and increasing HDL in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Preuss etal.,2001), diabetic rats (Eidi etal.,2006), or normal rats (Mehrzia etal.,2006), improving endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats (Baluchnejadmojarad etal.,2003), and lowering glucose levels in fructose-fed insulin-resistant rats (Jalal etal.,2007). The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word lilium, "lily", which in turn came from the Greek lerion (). Excessive consumption of these foods is inadvisable, particularly in their raw state (many patients are now juicing). Smilax glyciphylla. Leaves simple and spirally arranged in most genera.
Chainsaw Carving Events 2022,
Matthew Boynton Update 2021,
Articles M