131. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. We started at resting potential in Step 1 and end at resting potential in Step 6. c. denial. c. psychosurgery. 70. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. d. self-help therapy. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. The response re-emerges. c. client-centered She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. d. integrate new behaviors to compensate for other damaging behaviors. b. ones values and goals. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. There are times when we learn by simply watching others. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. 126. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. c. the conscious mind. c. abnormality arises from an interaction between predisposition and stress. Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. 43. d. hormone therapy. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. 101. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. displacement. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. Armed with this stunning revelation, Pavlov spent the rest of his career investigating the learning phenomenon. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. b. early childhood trauma. Little Albert made no response outside of curiosity (NSNR not shown). They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. c. ineffective treatment options. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. Chapter Recap. During repolarization the neuron will not fire no matter how much stimulation it receives. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. You are doing your best. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. b. genetic mutations. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. With regard to assessing the effectiveness of the various models of abnormality, which model BEST lends itself to laboratory testing? 44. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. c. operant conditioning. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. None of the models are complete within themselves. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. What is it? d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. 119. Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. These medications fall under five major categories. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. 2.2.1.2. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Right? Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? b. develop depression even when not under stress. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. The final section is a b. hypotheses. The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? b. transference. c. double-blind studies. c. psychodynamic. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. b. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. a. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. b. the libido. 115. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. What if? a. cognitive-behavioral c. rationalization. 129. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. 138. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. cognitive-behavioral d. humanistic-existential, 9. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. c. increased participation in very high-risk activities. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: All of the models include an element of the biological model. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. b. anxiety disorders. 164. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. b. map, or sequence, genes. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. c. intellectualization. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Additionally, you might have wondered if the person or animal will try to make the response again in the future even though it stopped being reinforced in the past. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. d. sociocultural. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? c. Beck. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the: a. oral stage. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. Don't worry. c. superego. This is an example of: Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. 61. The self-actualization motive plays an important part in human functioning, according to: A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? b. rationalization. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" b. a distorted view of the self. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. In this case, extinction continues. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The procedure is still the most controversial available to mental health professionals due to its effectiveness vs. the side effects, the objectivity of ECT experts, and the recent increase in ECT as a quick and easy solution, instead of long-term psychotherapy or hospitalization (https://www.mhanational.org/ect). ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. c. paradigms. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. c. identified an external source as the cause of abnormal behavior. Thats all right. d. case studies. d. frustrating the client. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. a. cognitive therapy b. biological therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. behavior therapy. The peripheral nervous system consists of everything outside the brain and spinal cord. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. c. primary process thought. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. 2.2.2.3. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. b. existential as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. 16. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. d. It is difficult to predict which people who share the same culture will develop a particular disorder. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. a. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. Infants tend to do things that feel good. c. axons. 50. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. PSYC 203 Chapter 2: Models of Abnormality, Week 12: CNS Drugs Neurodegenerative, Neurolo, Week 11: PNS Drugs (Cholinergic, Adrenergic). Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? c. transference. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. d. secondary process thought. a. sociocultural b. biocultural c. psychocultural d. cognitive-cultural. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. 157. 49. b. self-actualization. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. This is a physical aspect of what disease? The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. northwest airlines pension plan phone number, who helped the pilgrims survive their first winter, ncoer reason for submission codes,
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