In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Lovenduski, J. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Pennock, J. R. (1979). The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. However, what good representation should be is debated. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Pros of Representative Democracy. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). Reliance on analytical thinki ng. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Or at least, that's one theory. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. A., & Marmor, T. R. (1981). Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Signs, 19(3), 713738. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment The family has visited numerous places throughout the United States, however, none are as memorable as Atlanta, Georgia. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Your email address will not be published. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. The actual empirical variation and the detailed characteristics of state feminism around the globe are different matters and not the topic of this chapter. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Phillips, A. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. (1996). ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. 5 No. New York: Colombia University Press. Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. Tables can be useful if trying to. See below. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. 7. Young, I. M. (1990). Hernes, H. (1987). Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. Quantitative Methodology. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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Comparative state feminism. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . References. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Disadvantages of proportional representation. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Guinier, L. (1994). ), Deliberative systems: Deliberative democracy at the large scale. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. You do not currently have access to this chapter. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Purpose. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Should Congress Look Like America? 2. Reisel, L. (2014). However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Goodin, R. 2004. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. 1. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Quantitativist. Mansbridge, J. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. Gender and discourse. 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. $\endgroup . This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Why democracy? blurted this. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. Return to Figure. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). Caption. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. Equality of opportunity. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. New York: Routledge. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. Register or login to make commenting easier. New York: Oxford University Press. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. to the people they represent. Barry, B. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Gender representation and quotas. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. 2. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . Morone, J. Young, I. M. (1994). Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. 2. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. 2. Google Scholar. Your email address will not be published. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Representing Diversity. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. As graphical representations are exhibited through numerical figures, tables, or graphs, it usually involves fewer errors and mistakes. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. It is an Efficient Form of Government. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Mansbridge, J. Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Peter, F. (2011). Grofman, B. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Olsen, J. P. (2013). Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? ), Redistribution or recognition? It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. October 2004. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? 9. In B. Grofman et al. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. Inclusion and democracy. Required fields are marked *. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Rational deliberation among experts and citizens. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. Proportional Representation 1. Pros. A contingent yes. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. Lovenduski, J. 1. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Main Research Question. Cambridge: Polity Press.
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